“Día de los Muertos, or the Day of the Dead, is a Mexican festival celebrated on the 1st and 2nd of November every year and is dedicated to honouring deceased loved ones. Combining pre-Hispanic traditions and Catholic influences, the festival embraces both life and death, acknowledging that death is merely a part of the natural cycle of existence.
During the Day of the Dead celebrations, families create ofrendas (altars) adorned with marigolds, candles, food and personal items to welcome the spirits of the departed back to the realm of the living for a night of remembrance and celebration.
Animals, particularly dogs, play a significant role in this tradition. In many indigenous cultures, dogs are seen as guides for souls on their journey to the afterlife. Among these, the Xoloitzcuintli (Xolo, pronounced ‘Show low’) dog, an ancient breed with deep cultural roots in Mexico, is particularly revered. In Aztec mythology, Xolos were believed to protect and guide souls through the underworld, linking them intimately with both life and death.
Xolos are one of the oldest dog breeds, with a vast and rich history spanning over 3,500 years. Known for their distinct, hairless appearance, Xolos were not only just companion dogs to the ancient Aztecs but also held with great respect and deep spiritual significance.
The Xolo was believed to be a sacred animal gifted to humans by the gods for guidance and protection. In Aztec society, Xolos were considered to have healing powers and were involved in many rituals. However, their spiritual importance reigned supreme as they were thought to accompany the souls of the deceased on their journey to the afterlife.
According to Aztec mythology, when someone died, their soul embarked on a journey to Mictlán, the underworld. This journey was not an easy one, and the soul was required to cross nine rivers before reaching eternal rest. Because of their divine connection to the gods, Xolos helped these souls cross the rivers and protected them from harm on the way. It was thought that only those kind to dogs in life would receive assistance from a Xolo in death.
In modern Día de los Muertos celebrations, the Xoloitzcuintli continues to symbolise the connection between life, death and the afterlife. Though the breed’s original spiritual role has evolved, their presence in the festival remains strong.
Xolos are often represented in altars (ofrendas) dedicated to the deceased, either in the form of figurines or images. In some regions, families still believe that the Xolo’s spirit accompanies their loved ones back to the world of the living during the festival, acting as a bridge between realms. This enduring symbolism reflects the Xolo’s sacred status in Mexican culture.
Xolos are especially honoured in rural or traditional communities where ancient customs are closely preserved. In states like Michoacán and Oaxaca, where Día de los Muertos is celebrated with immense reverence, the Xolo's imagery can be found in artwork, sculptures and ceremonial offerings. These communities recognise the Xolo as a spiritual protector, much like their ancestors did, and continue to include the dog in their observance of the Day of the Dead. The breed remains an enduring symbol of life, death and the journey between them, celebrated each year in this sacred tradition.
